Seven interventions were studied, and all reported meaningful impact on PTSD symptoms. CPT demonstrated the strongest published evidence base, with emerging evidence for TCTSY.

TCTSY was equivalent to CPT (trauma-focused cognitive processing therapy, the current gold standard treatment within the US Department of Veterans Affairs) in reducing PTSD symptom severity, and. had higher completion rates.

Trauma-informed yoga must emphasise practices e.g., diaphragmatic breath, restorative postures; avoid sequences that overly engage the sympathetic nervous system; and adapt to challenges of teaching in e.g., prisons, hospitals. TIY for vets must also consider gender- and culture-related barriers and differing relationships to pain and injury, among other things.